Diabetes Care, Vol 17, Issue 5 376-381, Copyright © 1994 by American Diabetes Association

ARTICLES

A case-control investigation of perinatal risk factors for childhood IDDM in Northern Ireland and Scotland

CC Patterson, DJ Carson, DR Hadden, NR Waugh and SK Cole
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland.

OBJECTIVE--To identify perinatal risk factors for childhood insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and determine if they differ between early-onset and late-onset disease. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--We selected 258 diabetic children in Northern Ireland and 271 diabetic children in Scotland from population-based registers. For each diabetic child, five matched control subjects were drawn from the same population. All perinatal data were recorded routinely at birth. Odds ratios (ORs) were estimated for parental age, social class, breast-feeding, deprivation measures, and other perinatal variables. RESULTS--Scottish data indicated an increased risk among children born to older mothers (OR = 2.43, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.49-3.97 for mothers > or = 35 years of age relative to those < 25 years of age). Northern Ireland data showed no such effect. Only Northern Ireland data showed an excess risk in children of professional or managerial families (OR = 1.51, 95% CI 1.11-2.04). A small but nonsignificant reduction in risk among breast-fed children was observed only after adjustment for social class (OR = 0.76, 95% CI 0.54-1.07). Deprivation measures were associated with reductions in risk. Children delivered by cesarean section were at increased risk in both Northern Ireland (OR = 1.66, 95% CI 1.10-2.50) and Scottish (OR = 1.70, 95% CI 1.12-2.59) data. In Northern Ireland data only, children of first pregnancies were at increased risk (OR = 1.41, 95% CI 1.03-1.93). Both data sets indicated that a first pregnancy was a more important risk factor for early-onset disease than for late-onset disease. CONCLUSIONS--Many reported risk factors are weak and show inconsistencies between studies. They may be secondary to more direct, as-yet-undiscovered risk factors. Although irrelevant in the majority of cases, the increased risk associated with delivery by cesarean section deserves further study.
CiteULike    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    What's this?

This article has been cited by other articles:

				A. K. Steck, K. J. Barriga, L. M. Emery, R. V. Fiallo-Scharer, P. A. Gottlieb, and M. J. Rewers Secondary Attack Rate of Type 1 Diabetes in Colorado Families Diabetes Care, February 1, 2005; 28(2): 296 - 300. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. C. Stene, K. Barriga, J. M. Norris, M. Hoffman, H. A. Erlich, G. S. Eisenbarth, R. S. McDuffie Jr., and M. Rewers Perinatal Factors and Development of Islet Autoimmunity in Early Childhood: The Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young Am. J. Epidemiol., July 1, 2004; 160(1): 3 - 10. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Vella, J. M.M. Howson, B. J. Barratt, R. C.J. Twells, H. E. Rance, S. Nutland, E. Tuomilehto-Wolf, J. Tuomilehto, D. E. Undlien, K. S. Ronningen, et al. Lack of Association of the Ala45Thr Polymorphism and Other Common Variants of the NeuroD Gene With Type 1 Diabetes Diabetes, April 1, 2004; 53(4): 1158 - 1161. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. M Virtanen and M. Knip Nutritional risk predictors of {beta} cell autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes at a young age Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2003; 78(6): 1053 - 1067. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Svensson, B. Carstensen, A. Molbak, B. Christau, H. B. Mortensen, J. Nerup, K. Borch-Johnsen, and the Danish Study Group of Diabetes in Childhood Increased Risk of Childhood Type 1 Diabetes in Children Born After 1985 Diabetes Care, December 1, 2002; 25(12): 2197 - 2201. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Rapid Early Growth Is Associated With Increased Risk of Childhood Type 1 Diabetes in Various European Populations Diabetes Care, October 1, 2002; 25(10): 1755 - 1760. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. C Stene, P. Magnus, R. T Lie, O. Sovik, G. Joner, and the Norwegian Childhood Diabetes Study Group Maternal and paternal age at delivery, birth order, and risk of childhood onset type 1 diabetes: population based cohort study BMJ, August 18, 2001; 323(7309): 369 - 369. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. J Bingley, I. F Douek, C. A Rogers, and E. A M Gale Influence of maternal age at delivery and birth order on risk of type 1 diabetes in childhood: prospective population based family study BMJ, August 12, 2000; 321(7258): 420 - 424. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				G. Bruno, G. Pagano, F. Faggiano, A. De Salvia, and F. Merletti Effect of Sardinian heritage on risk and age at onset of type 1 diabetes: a demographic case-control study of Sardinian migrants Int. J. Epidemiol., June 1, 2000; 29(3): 532 - 535. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Schrezenmeir and A. Jagla Milk and Diabetes J. Am. Coll. Nutr., April 1, 2000; 19(90002): 176S - 190. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]