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Diabetes Care, Vol 19, Issue 3 204-210, Copyright © 1996 by American Diabetes Association
Symptoms and well-being in relation to glycemic control in type II diabetes
FE Van der Does, JN De Neeling, FJ Snoek, PJ Kostense, PA Grootenhuis, LM Bouter and RJ Heine
Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
OBJECTIVE: To describe the cross-sectional relation between glycemic
control and physical symptoms, emotional well-being, and general well-being
in patients with type II diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The study
population consisted of 188 patients with type II diabetes between 40 and
75 years of age. Patients were treated with blood glucose-lowering agents
or had either a fasting venous plasma glucose level > or = 7.8 mmol/l or
an HbA1c level > 6.1%. Multiple regression analyses were performed.
Dependent variables were scores on the Type II Diabetes Symptom Checklist,
the Profile of Mood States, the Affect Balance Scale, and questions
regarding general well-being. The primary determinant under study was
HbA1c. In addition, age, sex, neuroticism (indicating a general tendency to
complain), insulin use, and comorbidity were included as determinants in
all analyses. Other potential determinants taken into consideration were
hypoglycemic complaints, marital status, diabetes duration, cardiovascular
history, blood pressure, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, perceived burden of
treatment, and smoking. None of these potential determinants had to be
included to correct confounding of the relation between HbA1c and
well-being scores. RESULTS: Higher HbA1c levels were significantly
associated with higher symptom scores (total score, hyperglycemic score,
and neuropathic score), with worse mood (total score, displeasure score,
depression, tension, fatigue), and with worse general well-being. The
relative risks varied between 1.02 and 1.36 for each percentage difference
in HbA1c. The relation between HbA1c and some mood states was modified by
neuroticism: in the less neurotic patient (i.e., one who is less inclined
to complain), the relation was more evident. CONCLUSIONS: These data
suggest that better glycemic control in type II diabetes is associated with
fewer physical symptoms, better mood, and better well-being, in a
nonhypoglycemic HbA1c range.

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Glycemic Control and Quality of Life in Diabetes
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Copyright © 1996 by the American Diabetes Association.
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