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Diabetes Care, Vol 22, Issue 11 1887-1898, Copyright © 1999 by American Diabetes Association
Smoking and diabetes
D Haire-Joshu, RE Glasgow and TL Tibbs
Department of Community Health, Saint Louis University School of Public Health, MO 63108, USA. joshud@slu.edu
The objective of this review is to summarize the literature on diabetes and
smoking related to epidemiological risks, efficacy and cost-effectiveness
of different cessation approaches, and implications for clinical practice.
Over 200 studies were reviewed, with special emphasis placed on
publications within the past 10 years. Intervention studies that included
patients with diabetes but did not report results separately by disease are
included. Diabetes-specific studies are highlighted. There are consistent
results from both cross-sectional and prospective studies showing enhanced
risk for micro- and macrovascular disease, as well as premature mortality
from the combination of smoking and diabetes. The general cessation
literature is extensive, generally well-designed, and encouraging regarding
the impact of cost-effective practical office-based interventions. In
particular, system-based approaches that make smoking a routine part of
office contacts and provide multiple prompts, advice, assistance, and
follow-up support are effective. Although there is minimal information on
the effectiveness of cessation interventions specifically for people with
diabetes, there is no reason to assume that cessation intervention would be
more or less effective in this population. There is a clear need to
increase the frequency of smoking cessation advice and counseling for
patients with diabetes given the strong and consistent data on smoking
prevalence; combined risks of smoking and diabetes for morbidity,
mortality, and several complications; and the proven efficacy and
cost-effectiveness of cessation strategies.

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Copyright © 1999 by the American Diabetes Association.
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