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Soy Protein Intake, Cardiorenal Indices, and C-Reactive Protein in Type 2 Diabetes With Nephropathy

A longitudinal randomized clinical trial

¹ Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
² Food Security and Nutrition Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
³ Modarres Hospital, School of Medicine, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Address correspondence and reprint requests to Leila Azadbakht, PhD, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, P.O. Box 81745, Iran. E-mail: azadbakht{at}hlth.mui.ac.ir

OBJECTIVE—Several short-term trials on the effect of soy consumption on cardiovascular risks are available, but little evidence exists regarding the impact of long-term soy protein consumption among type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy. To determine the effects of long-term soy consumption on cardiovascular risks, we measured C-reactive protein (CRP) and kidney function indexes among type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—This longitudinal randomized clinical trial was conducted among 41 type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy (18 men and 23 women). Twenty patients in the soy protein group consumed a diet containing 0.8 g protein/kg body weight (35% animal proteins, 35% textured soy protein, and 30% vegetable proteins) and 21 patients in the control group consumed a similar diet containing 70% animal proteins and 30% vegetable proteins for 4 years.

RESULTS—Soy protein consumption significantly affected cardiovascular risks such as fasting plasma glucose (mean change in the soy protein versus control groups: –18 ± 3 vs. 11 ± 2 mg/dl; P = 0.03), total cholesterol (–23 ± 5 vs. 10 ± 3 mg/dl; P = 0.01), LDL cholesterol (–20 ± 5 vs. 6 ± 2 mg/dl; P = 0.01), and serum triglyceride (–24 ± 6 vs. –5 ± 2 mg/dl; P = 0.01) concentrations. Serum CRP levels were significantly decreased by soy protein intake compared with those in the control group (1.31 ± 0.6 vs. 0.33 ± 0.1 mg/l; P = 0.02). Significant improvements were also seen in proteinuria (–0.15 ± 0.03 vs. 0.02 ± 0.01 g/day; P = 0.001) and urinary creatinine (–1.5 ± 0.9 vs. 0.6 ± 0.3 mg/dl, P = 0.01) by consumption of soy protein.

CONCLUSIONS—Longitudinal soy protein consumption significantly affected cardiovascular risk factors and kidney-related biomarkers among type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy.

Abbreviations: ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker • CRP, C-reactive protein • GFR, glomerular filtration rate

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