HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Purchase Article View Shopping Cart Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Gunderson, E. P. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Gunderson, E. P. Social Bookmarking                What's this?

Breastfeeding After Gestational Diabetes Pregnancy

Subsequent obesity and type 2 diabetes in women and their offspring

From the Epidemiology and Prevention Section, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California

Address correspondence and reprint requests to Erica P. Gunderson, PhD, Epidemiologist, Research Scientist II, Epidemiology and Prevention Section, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94612. E-mail: epg@dor.kaiser.org

Abbreviations: GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus

The first 300 words of the full text of this article appear below.

	INTRODUCTION

 
Breastfeeding provides important health benefits to both women and their offspring. Health benefits of lactation for women include a lower risk of breast and ovarian cancer (1) and possibly protection against type 2 diabetes (2). For the offspring, breastfeeding confers protection against both undernutrition and overnutrition during early childhood (3) and may lower risk of developing obesity, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes later in life (4–7). Postnatal feeding is one of several critical or sensitive developmental periods (fetal life, adiposity rebound in childhood, and adolescence) hypothesized to result in "metabolic programming" of future chronic disease risk (8,9).

In developed countries, there is a robust association between breastfeeding and a lower risk of becoming overweight during childhood and adolescence, even after accounting for maternal obesity and family lifestyle behaviors (10–13). Moreover, greater protection against childhood overweight is associated with more prolonged exclusive breastfeeding. In the U.S., the association of breastfeeding and lower risk of childhood overweight has been observed in Caucasians, but not among low-income Hispanics or African-Americans.

Fetal life is another important developmental period influencing future health. Maternal gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) alters the intrauterine milieu for fetal development that may affect risk factors for chronic disease later in life (14). In some (15–18), but not all (19) studies, offspring of GDM mothers may be more likely to become overweight and to develop type 2 diabetes later in life. A combination of genetic, intrauterine, and postnatal factors contribute to development of childhood obesity and type 2 diabetes in the offspring of women with GDM.

Whether breastfeeding affects the future health of offspring of women with GDM is uncertain based on limited and conflicting findings . . . [Full Text of this Article]

	BREASTFEEDING AND DEVELOPMENT OF OVERWEIGHT IN OFFSPRING IN THE GENERAL POPULATION—

 
Breastfeeding and overweight in early childhood and adolescence
Influence of maternal obesity on breastfeeding and overweight in offspring
Limitations of studies on breastfeeding and growth in children

	EFFECTS OF BREASTFEEDING AND MATERNAL DIABETES DURING PREGNANCY ON THE OFFSPRING—

 
Breastfeeding and subsequent overweight and diabetes in offspring
Lactogenesis in women with previous GDM
Biological plausibility for breastfeeding and lower risk of overweight and diabetes
Breastfeeding and early neonatal growth
Postulated mechanisms: constituents of breast milk and metabolic programming

	LACTATION AND SUBSEQUENT OBESITY AND DIABETES IN WOMEN—

 
Lactation: immediate and post-weaning effects on maternal metabolic parameters

	SUMMARY AND FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS—

 

CiteULike    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    What's this?